Suchergebnisse

Producción Científica ; At a time when the United Nations, overhelmed by the constant increase in the number of international crisis, turned to the international organisations that could come to its aid, the Maastricht Treaty introduced the Common Foreign Security Policy of the European UNIÓN among whose objectives stood out the maintenance of peace and the strenghthening of international security. The EU joined this way the group of «regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security» foreseen in Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Since them, the EU has taken different measures –being the creation of the Common Security and Defence Policy the most important one– and has carried our some actions meant for both prevention and international management crisis.

Producción Científica ; As far as the Common Foreign and Security Policy is concerned, the Lisbon Treaty does not incorporate big novelties but mantains its interguvernmental character and unanimity is still necessary to adopt fundamental decisions. The Common Security and Defence Policy appears for the first time on the text of the Treaty although it has already been developed over the last ten years. Only the Permanent Structured Cooperation represents a mayor novelty which means one step futher in the process of militarisation of the European Union.

The EU founding Treaties established several revision procedures which have been modified by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as by the 2007 Lisbon Treaty. However, both modifications have been more apparent than real: The participation in the preparatory work has been extended but the Intergovernmental Conference can only approve the proposed amendments by common accord –that is, by unanimity– and the amended text can only come into force once it is ratified by all Member States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. ; Los tratados constitutivos de las Comunidades Europeas establecieron diferentes procedimientos de revisión que con posterioridad han sido modificados tanto por el Tratado de Maastricht de 1992 como por el de Lisboa de 2007. Estas modificaciones han sido, no obstante, más aparentes que reales: Se ha ampliado la participación en los trabajos preparatorios pero la Conferencia Intergubernamental solo puede aprobar las enmiendas propuestas de común acuerdo –es decir, por unanimidad– y el texto enmendado solo podrá entrar en vigor tras ser ratificado por todos los Estados miembros de acuerdo con sus respectivos procedimientos constitucionales.The EU founding Treaties established several revision procedures which have been modified by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty as well as by the 2007 Lisbon Treaty. However, both modifications have been more apparent than real: The participation in the preparatory work has been extended but the Intergovernmental Conference can only approve the proposed amendments by common accord –that is, by unanimity– and the amended text can only come into force once it is ratified by all Member States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.

Producción Científica ; At a time when the United Nations, overhelmed by the constant increase in the number of international crisis, turned to the international organisations that could come to its aid, the Maastricht Treaty introduced the Common Foreign Security Policy of the European UNIÓN among whose objectives stood out the maintenance of peace and the strenghthening of international security. The EU joined this way the group of «regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security» foreseen in Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Since them, the EU has taken different measures –being the creation of the Common Security and Defence Policy the most important one– and has carried our some actions meant for both prevention and international management crisis.

Producción Científica ; As far as the Common Foreign and Security Policy is concerned, the Lisbon Treaty does not incorporate big novelties but mantains its interguvernmental character and unanimity is still necessary to adopt fundamental decisions. The Common Security and Defence Policy appears for the first time on the text of the Treaty although it has already been developed over the last ten years. Only the Permanent Structured Cooperation represents a mayor novelty which means one step futher in the process of militarisation of the European Union.

Ha sido el ingreso de España en la Unión Europea en 1988 y no el régimen establecido en la Constitución de 1978 el factor desencadenante de la acción exterior de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas. En efecto, la actuación de éstas en el marco europeo – de forma especial la cooperación transfronteriza auspiciada por la Comunidad– las ha llevado a ir asumiendo progresivamente competencias en el ámbito internacional que, finalmente, han sido recogidas tanto en la Ley de la acción y del servicio exterior del Estado como en la Ley de tratados, ambas de 2014. En este proceso la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional español ha desempeñado un papel relevante.It has been the accession of Spain to the European Union in 1988 and not the regime established in the 1978 Constitution that triggered the external action of the Spanish Autonomous Communities. Indeed, their performance in the European context – specially in cross-border cooperation under the auspices of the EU – has led to their progressive assumption of international responsabilities, which have finally been included in the Spanish External Action and Service Act and the Treaties and Other International Agreements Act, both adopted in 2014. In this process, the Spanish Constitutional Court's jurisprudence has played a significant role.

El Capítulo VIII de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas permite la participación de acuerdos y organismos regionales en el mantenimiento de la paz y de la seguridad internacionales. Sobre esta base, la Unión Europea colabora desde hace años con la ONU. Con esta finalidad se creó la Política Europea de Seguridad y Defensa que, en los últimos diez años, ha llevado a cabo un número importante de acciones –tanto militares como civiles– para la gestión de crisis internacionales. La actividad desarrollada es positiva pero también es objeto de algunas críticas.

The working documents or «travaux préparatoires» for the long-awaited meeting of the European Council on 19-20 December 2013 –especially those carried out by the High Representative, the European Commission and the European Parliament– have highlighted the deficiencies of the Common Security and Defence Policy in the EU. It does not seem, however, that the conclusions reached by the European Council in order to remedy them will constitute a milestone in the Union's history. ; Les travaux préparatoires de la réunión si attendue du Conseil Européen du 1920 décembre 2013 –spécialmente ceux qui ont été menés à bien par la Haute Réprésentante, la Commission Européenne et le Parlement Européen– ont montré les déficiences de la Politique de sécurité et de défense commune de l'UE. Il ne semble pas, cependant, que les conclusions auxquelles le Conseil Européen est arrivé afin de combler ces carences puissent constituir un avant et un après dans l'histoire de l'Union.